JoDRM Volume 16, Issue no.1(30), April 2025
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CONTENTS | |
I. ARTICLES | |
THE BEST OF TWO WORLDS? GATHERING VALIDITY EVIDENCE FOR AN INTEGRATED INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN MODEL FOR SKILLS TRAINING AND ACADEMIC EDUCATION AT A MILITARY ACADEMYSteven HORNSTRA*Jaap HOOGENBOEZEM**Steven DURNING***Walther VAN MOOK*****NATO Command and Control Centre of Excellence, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Royal Netherlands Army, Armed forces of the Netherlands, The Netherlands; School of Health professions Education, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Academy for postgraduate medical education, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands, ** Royal Netherlands Army, Armed forces of the Netherlands, The Netherlands; Department of political science, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands, *** Department of medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA; Center for health professions education, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA, **** School of Health professions Education, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Academy for postgraduate medical education, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of intensive care medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands | |
| Abstract | |
| During military operations, officers must often integrate military skills and academic education (i.e. strategic thinking), which are typically taught separately at a military academy. To address this, an innovative integrated instructional design framework, the TrEd ID model, was developed to combine these learning tracks. A focus group study with academic educators from the Dutch military academy provided validity evidence for the TrEd ID model, showing it effectively meets the demands of both military skills training and academic education. The study also offered insights for potential implementation. Future research could focus on further validating the TrEd ID model among other stakeholders and exploring practical guidelines for its implementation at military academies. | |
| Key words: | |
| officer education, military training, academic education, instructional design. | |
Journal of Defense Resources Management 16:1(2025): 11-32. |  |
| Abstract | |
| This research identified crucial knowledge and skills that coaches or mentors should help Junior Officers develop in early stages of their careers. The initial phase involved interviews with subject matter experts and experienced officers to determine important attributes for junior officers’ success. The research team then held focus group meetings with officers who were at various career milestones. Participants in the focus groups identified important skills that junior officers need to develop, and they shared ideas about making feedback and coaching more effective. Beyond navigation and other technical skills, participants indicated that leadership skills such as motivation, communication, and relation management are qualities of successful officers. Results suggest that better coaching in these areas could improve junior officers’ competencies, with implications for the culture and future effectiveness of the services. | |
| Key words: | |
Junior officers, skill-building, coaching, officer competencies | |
Journal of Defense Resources Management 16:1(2025): 33-48. | |
| Abstract | |
| The Indonesian Navy educational institution has the task and responsibility to form reliable and respected human resources for soldiers. However, how is strategic professional leadership in human resource management for sustainable marine educational institutions in Indonesia? This study aims to analyze the factors of strategic professional leadership in human resource management for sustainable marine educational institutions in Indonesia which are supported by the theory of strategic leadership and human resource theory. This study is supported by a qualitative method approach that examines both documentary studies and in-depth interviews with participants who are administrators and education personnel working in Indonesian Navy educational institutions totaling 20 personnel. The results of the study indicate that twelve factors have a collective role in contributing to effective strategic professional leadership in human resource management. The twelve factors include 1) Visionary Leadership; 2) Strategic Workforce Planning; 3) Talent Acquisition and Retention; 4) Leadership Development Programs; 5) Performance Management Systems; 6) Employee Engagement; 7) Diversity and Inclusion; 8) Change Management; 9) Ethical Leadership Practices; 10) Technology Integration in HRM; 11) Sustainability-Oriented Policies; 12) Continuous Learning Culture. | |
| Key words: | |
Indonesian Navy Educational Institution, Strategic Professional Leadership, Human Resource Management, Change Management. | |
Journal of Defense Resources Management 16:1(2025): 49-64. | |
| Abstract | |
| “A man of character in peace is a man of courage in war. Character is a habit, the daily choice of right and wrong. It is a moral quality which grows to maturity in peace and is not suddenly developed in war”. General Sir James Glover This article explores the critical intersection of military leadership accountability and ethical decision-making, emphasizing the profound implications of leaders’ choices on personnel and society. It argues that ethical decision-making is an integral aspect of military leadership, rather than a separate concern, and advocates for an interactionist perspective that considers the dynamic interplay of leadership, character, and situational factors. The discussion delves into the necessity of holding military leaders accountable for their actions and decisions, outlining mechanisms for enforcing accountability, including internal oversight, military courts, command responsibility, and transparency. The importance of ethical training for military leaders is underscored, highlighting various ethical frameworks that guide decision-making in complex situations. The article also examines the ethical dilemmas faced by military leaders and the impact of situational factors on moral choices. Ultimately, it posits that fostering a culture of ethical decision-making within military leadership is essential for maintaining trust, integrity, and operational effectiveness. | |
| Key words: | |
military leadership, ethical decision-making, accountability, ethical training, leadership theories, moral dilemmas, transparency, military ethics, command responsibility, ethical frameworks. | |
Journal of Defense Resources Management 16:1(2025): 65-76. | |
| Abstract | |
| Sustainability embeddedness is crucial for the long-term viability of enterprises in the defense sector, particularly within state-owned enterprises (SOEs) that face financial, governance and operational challenges. This study addresses a critical gap in literature by exploring the limiting issues inhibiting sustainability embeddedness in Denel, a key South African defense enterprise, and offers a better understanding of the role of sustainable leadership in addressing these inhibitors. Guided by a qualitative case study approach, virtual semi-structured interviews were conducted with twelve senior managers and executives at Denel. Findings identify six key inhibitors to sustainability embeddedness: Political Meddling, Working in Silos, Inadequate Communication, An Unconducive Legal Framework, Corruption, and Decreasing Budget of the Department of Defense. The study highlights the role of sustainable leadership in addressing the inhibitors to sustainability embeddedness, which includes Educating Stakeholders, Adopting Good Organizational Values, Establishing Inclusivity, Practising Total Quality Management, Fostering Stakeholder Engagement, and Continuously Improving Systems and Resource Investment. The research contributes to scholarship on sustainability integration in defense SOEs by offering practical insights for policymakers and defense industry leaders aiming to institutionalise sustainability through context-responsive leadership practices. | |
| Key words: | |
Sustainability Embeddedness, Sustainable Leadership, Defense Industry, State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs), Governance Challenges, South Africa. | |
Journal of Defense Resources Management 16:1(2025): 77-104. | |
| Abstract | |
| This study investigates the relationship between food security and national security in Saudi Arabia and the Gulf region. It examines the impact of food insecurity on Saudi national security and the broader Arabian Gulf security, identifies the major challenges and limitations facing current food security policies and programs, and proposes strategic recommendations for enhancing food security. The study reveals direct impacts such as social unrest, economic instability, health implications, and migration, while also highlighting indirect impacts including political instability, economic consequences, social fragmentation, demographic pressures, and regional instability. The identified challenges encompass climate change, water scarcity, reliance on food imports, inefficient agricultural practices, socioeconomic disparities, and limited technology adoption. To address these challenges, the study recommends prioritizing comprehensive food security policies, increasing investments in agriculture, research, and infrastructure, and fostering collaboration among governments, international organizations, academia, and the private sector. The findings underscore the significance of addressing food security to ensure national and regional stability and resilience in the face of evolving food security concerns. | |
| Key words: | |
Food security, national security, Saudi Arabia, Gulf region | |
Journal of Defense Resources Management 16:1(2025): 105-116. | |
| Abstract | |
| The dynamics of the strategic environment in ALKI II continue to evolve due to geopolitical changes, increased international trade activities, and the potential for increasingly complex maritime security threats. This condition demands the optimization of the role of the Naval base as an operational control center in maintaining regional stability and sovereignty. The base must be able to function effectively in maritime surveillance, improve operational readiness, and strengthen its ability to respond to various threats, both from state and non-state actors. This study aims to analyze the factors that influence the development of naval bases in supporting Indonesia’s maritime defense and security. Using the Delphi method approach, this study involved 15 experts in the field of maritime defense and security. Through a systematic analysis process, this study succeeded in identifying 39 main factors that play a role in the development of the Naval base. These factors include aspects of base infrastructure, level of expertise, territorial control, operating patterns, defense, coastal defense, political, economic, social and technological aspects. The results of this research are expected to be the basis for the formulation of a strategy to strengthen naval bases that are more adaptive, modern, and able to respond to future maritime security challenges effectively and sustainably. | |
| Key words: | |
Development Planning, Naval Base, Delphi, Maritime Security. | |
Journal of Defense Resources Management 156:1(2025): 117-152. | |
| Abstract | |
| Hybrid warfare may incorporate a wide range of abilities, conventional capabilities, irregular tactics and formations, indiscriminate violence and criminal disorder. All of these undoubtedly can jeopardize the political stability, the economic growth and the availability of essential services. As hybrid warfare is found to be actively used by NATO’s adversaries from 2022, the security challenge faced by the operators of essential services in the EU and NATO became much more significant. Therefore, defense capability, especially cyber security plays a crucial role within NATO member countries. This paper aims to i) show the main elements of NATO’s answer to the hybrid threats, with a focus on cyber security; and ii) provide some recommendations in order to enhance the resilience of critical infrastructure in NATO member states. In this study publicly available documents were explored and relevant literature was examined. As a result, this paper proposes the involvement of operators of essential services in training and exercises in order to enhance the level of resilience against hybrid threats. | |
| Key words: | |
Critical Infrastructure Protection, cyber security, hybrid warfare, NATO. | |
Journal of Defense Resources Management 16:1(2025): 153-166. | |
| Abstract | |
| The Russia-Ukraine conflict in 2022-2024 began because Russia considered Ukraine’s joining NATO would cause NATO members to side with Russia’s military, and this was considered a threat to Russia. This incident highlights the evolution of modern warfare, which includes a combination of conventional, asymmetric, cyber, and non-military warfare. This study uses a qualitative approach with deductive reasoning, supported by a comprehensive literature review. The results show that Russia’s strategy focuses on controlling strategic areas and destabilizing Ukraine’s politics, while Ukraine adopts a defense strategy that utilizes international support and power asymmetry. The ASCOPE/PMESII analysis reveals how both parties use various aspects of the operational environment (Area), infrastructure (Structures), capabilities (Capabilities), organizations (Organizations), society (People), and events (Events), as well as political, military, economic, social, information, and infrastructure dimensions (PMESII) to achieve their respective goals. This study offers theoretical contributions to understanding the complexity of resource-based warfare, provides practical implications for the Indonesian Navy in dealing with hybrid threats, and provides managerial recommendations for decision-makers in designing adaptive defense policies. The implications of the Russia-Ukraine war provide educational, inspiring, and instructive insights for the Indonesian Navy in facing future geopolitical challenges.. | |
| Key words: | |
Russia-Ukrainian war, ASCOPE/PMESII analysis, geopolitics, national security. | |
Journal of Defense Resources Management 16:1(2025): 167-188. | |
| Abstract | |
| Nearly 35 years after the conclusion of the Cold War and the collapse of the former Soviet Union, the Russian Federation, as its successor, strives to reclaim its status as a great power. More than three decades since the dissolution of USSR and Moldova’s declaration of independence on August 27, 1991, the Republic of Moldova remains a state where the Russian Federation pursues its own geopolitical interests, employing a range of strategies from soft power to coercion in order to achieve its objectives. Since early 2000s, the Russian Federation has adopted a more assertive policy to reestablish its influence in the „near abroad,” a region where it continues to advance its geostrategic interests. In this manner, the Russian hybrid warfare against the Republic of Moldova reflects its broader strategy of maintaining regional dominance. Since the end of the Cold War and the dissolution of USSR, the Russian Federation, as its successor, has persistently sought to regain its status as a global power. The purpose of this article is to highlight the main elements of the hybrid war used by the Russian Federation to maintain the Republic of Moldova within its sphere of influence. | |
| Key words: | |
hybrid warfare, financing, disinformation, fake news, Russian Federation, Republic of Moldova | |
Journal of Defense Resources Management 16:1(2025): 189-214. | |
| Abstract | |
| The armed conflict in Ukraine represented a significant test for the efficiency of operational logistics, highlighting both the strengths and vulnerabilities in resource management and the coordination of operations under conditions of uncertainty and instability. The challenges encountered by the forces involved provided valuable lessons about the need for a flexible, rapidly adaptable, and well-integrated logistics system, capable of responding efficiently and coherently to the requirements imposed by the dynamics of a protracted conflict. The article proposes an analysis focused on improving the functioning of operational logistics in the context of inter-organizational and intra-organizational relations within an area or theater of operations in which NATO operational forces with national and multinational status are engaged. The study examines how logistics structures will have to respond to the challenges and difficulties that may arise in the future in a high-intensity conflict such as the one in Ukraine. In this regard, we have identified key aspects with an impact on operational efficiency. In addition, we have proposed some applicative solutions for optimizing logistics processes, including the implementation of advanced technologies, adaptability, and flexibility in the face of unpredictable situations. The conclusions emphasize the need to implement innovative concepts that would improve operational logistics integrated into the combat structures of NATO states in future conflicts, providing a framework for the development of more efficient and sustainable practices in managing resources in crisis conditions. | |
| Key words: | |
armed conflict; combat forces; operational logistics; improvement; mobility; sufficient resources; logistics resilience. | |
Journal of Defense Resources Management 16:1(2025): 215-262. | |
| Abstract | |
| The lessons learned in the Ukraine-Russia conflict, the security relations between the EU-NATO states and the U.S., the appearance of incisive emerging and disruptive technologies in China are some of the elements that determined a strong cooperation between NATO and the EU. In this scientific research, we aimed to gain an overview of NATO-EU cooperation on responding to the challenges of emerging and disruptive technologies in the defense field. There are two directions of analysis, on the one hand countering the effects of emerging and disruptive technologies against NATO and EU states to ensure sustainable security, and on the other hand, catching up with states such as China and Russia, especially in the field of defense. | |
| Key words: | |
emerging technologies, disruptive technologies, defense and security, research, cooperation, budgets. | |
Journal of Defense Resources Management 16:1(2025): 263-274. | |
| Abstract | |
| This paper examines the European Union Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Risk Mitigation Centres of Excellence (EU CBRN CoE) initiative and NATO’s CBRN defence policy, with particular emphasis on bilateral cooperation between the EU and NATO in addressing CBRN threats. The research traces the establishment of the EU CBRN CoE initiative and analyzes how it promotes international cooperation and synergy with other global actors, especially NATO. Through a historical review of NATO-EU security cooperation, the paper investigates both organizations’ CBRN policies, defence capabilities, and current challenges. While focusing on bilateral cooperation, the study also explores how these organizations independently counter CBRN threats. The publication concludes with practical policy recommendations aimed at enhancing the effectiveness of EU-NATO cooperation in CBRN risk reduction, acknowledging the limitations of available public information regarding NATO’s CBRN activities. | |
| Key words: | |
EU CBRN CoE; NATO CBRN defence policy; EU-NATO cooperation; CBRN risk mitigation; international security; bilateral cooperation; defence capabilities; security policy; risk reduction; chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear threats. | |
Journal of Defense Resources Management 16:1(2025): 277-310. | |
| Abstract | |
| The actual issue of the twenty-first century is determining the essence, importance, application areas of digital technologies and their impact on the economy. Digital technologies are a discrete (intermittent) system based on information coding and transmission methods, which allows multi-planned tasks to be performed in the shortest possible time; Technologies are used to collect, store, process, retrieve, and transmit data in electronic form. Software and hardware tools and systems depend on their functionality. They are in demand in all sectors of the economy as creators of new markets and transformers of business processes. The components of the technology are the devices, but the main thing is through which these transformations are carried out. Innovation is what makes technological progress happen. High technologies (Hi-Tech) are used in all spheres of human activity today. Its use in the economy causes special changes. Its development trends are changing. With the help of technology, the prosperity and competitiveness of the country increases. It increases the inflow of investments and facilitates the launch of new start-up businesses. Fast and accurate information delivery is impossible without digital technologies. These technologies are driving the forms of business management that are being introduced worldwide and whose goal is to reduce costs, simplify the service field, make it faster and more flexible, and replace manual work. The most important technologies of the fourth industrial revolution are the Internet of Things, 3D printing, artificial intelligence, machine learning, robotics, big data, and others. However, today we will briefly review the stages of artificial intelligence’s development worldwide. | |
| Key words: | |
artificial intelligence, digital technologies, industrial revolution. | |
Journal of Defense Resources Management 16:1(2025): 311-318. | |
| Abstract | |
| This conceptual paper aims to investigate the European regulatory framework of topic “protection of critical infrastructures”, starting from the genesis of the terminology up to the examination of the contents of the most recent European legislation. The normative study, initially, focuses on the contents of Directive 2008/114/EC – the first real European legislative reference – received in Italy with Legislative Decree 61 of 2011; the second part, instead, is dedicated to the analysis of the more recent Directive (EU) 2022/2557 which represents the current European regulatory instrument aimed to regulate a theme that has become increasingly central, also in light of the growing number of attacks against Member States. Directive (EU) 2022/2557, in addition to repeal the previous one, is proposed as a much broader and more complete rule capable of providing the elements to regulate a very complex topic. The paper shows how the European Union is making great efforts not only to regulate the matter, but also to clarify its boundaries and transversal aspects. | |
| Key words: | |
privacy, behavior, challenges, regulation, solutions | |
Journal of Defense Resources Management 16:1(2025): 319-330. | |
| Abstract | |
| The problem of homoglyph attacks has become significant nowadays. Due to the increasing range of characters in modern encoding systems, similar symbols are being added. This tendency causes problems in distinguishing characters, which hackers exploit in spoofing attacks. In this research, an attempt is made to examine the problem of homoglyph attacks and provide an overview of practical solutions, such as different algorithms. Additionally, a solution to address the issue of spoofing attacks using the Levenshtein edit distance algorithm, widely used in spell checking, will be provided. The proposed solution, which utilizes a backend application written in the Java programming language with the Spring technology stack, can detect homoglyphs and attempt to replace them with normal characters. Additionally, a desktop client for the application is also presented. | |
| Key words: | |
homoglyph, UTF-encoding, obfuscation, spoofing, dynamic programming. | |
Journal of Defense Resources Management 16:1(2025): 331-346. | |
| Abstract | |
| The article highlights growing trends in data privacy behaviors among internet users, in the EU. People are increasingly limiting cookies and tracking, using privacy protection software, and reading privacy policies before sharing personal data. Many are also restricting geolocation access, limiting social media profile visibility, and refusing to allow their data to be used for advertising. Additionally, users are more cautious about website security, checking for HTTPS before entering sensitive information. These behaviors reflect heightened awareness of data protection and a desire to safeguard personal information in response to concerns about privacy, surveillance, and online tracking. This shift is influenced by regulations like GDPR and the growing mistrust of data exploitation practices. | |
| Key words: | |
privacy, behavior, challenges, regulation, solutions | |
Journal of Defense Resources Management 16:1(2025): 347-370. | |
| Author: Maria Dorina PAȘCA Publisher: – University Press Targu Mureș, 2018 (Romanian version) – Generis Publishing, 2024 (English translation) Translation: Roxana-Maria Iagăr Reviewer: Aura CODREANU, Associate professor, Dr. | |
Journal of Defense Resources Management 16:1(2025): 371-372. | |
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